The Australian Transport Safety Bureau reveals how four near misses happened at Sydney Airport

The Australian Transport Safety Bureau has released preliminary reports into four near misses at Sydney Airport

NEAR MISS ONE:

* On July 27, a Boeing 737-800 landed at the airport and intended to taxi. An air traffic controller told the plane to stop before it reached a particular runway

* At the same time, a Bombardier DHC-8-400 was landing. The air traffic controller completed a quick handover before going on a rest break.

*Just seven seconds later, the Boeing 737 entered the runway where the smaller plane was landing

* Both planes came to a stop just 120 metres from each other. No one was hurt

NEAR MISS TWO:

* A tug was pulling a large Boeing 777-300ER to a storage bay near an international terminal on August 9, when an Airbus A320-232 was cleared to taxi from a nearby domestic area

* A second domestic plane - with both operating as Jetstar - was also cleared to move

* The tug was told to follow the Jetstar plane, but was not aware there were two and began following the first instead of the second

* The tug expected the second plane to stop and allow it through. Both the plane and tug then had to initiate an emergency stop

* The Boeing 777’s nose wheels were bent, and a flight attendant on the Jetstar plane fell and broke a wrist from the abrupt stop. There were less than 30 metres between the tug and the plane.

NEAR MISS THREE:

* On the same day as the previous incident, two Boeing 737s were taxiing to take off from the same runway, with neither plane able to hear the control tower instructions given to the other aircraft

* One air traffic controller was being given on-the-job training

* While both planes were waiting to take off, a Boeing 787 was taxiing perpendicular to them on the same runway

* Through a series of miscommunications between the control tower and all three planes, it became unclear which was crossing the runway when

* The planes were eventually able to take off and taxi safely

NEAR MISS FOUR:

* In the final incident, on August 18, an Airbus A321 was due to fly to Melbourne, but the aircrew realised an issue with its braking system before it got to the runway

* The plane was then given priority on a larger runway when it was ready to take off, but a Boeing 737-800 was also using that runway. It was not told about the taxiing priority

* The 737 did not slow down, and the A321 crew realised it would not give way to them

* The A321 stopped abruptly before both planes communicated with the control tower and were able to take off